Group 4 - Computer DVD Drive

Latest revision as of 13:17, 5 December 2008

Hitachi-LG GCE-8400B

Executive Summary

The main focus of this product dissection was to fully disassemble a CD-R/RW drive typical of optical drives used today for reading the data on the ubiquitous CD. This particular device is intended to fit in the 5.25" drive bay of modern desktop computer towers. The procedure was to incorporate a complete product dissection including careful disassembly, component study, and reassembly. The initial phase consisted of a complete tear-down of the product and photo-documentation. Subassemblies were numbered and placed in separate containers for later identification and ease of reassembly. Each component and subassembly was studied in order to better understand its function within the unit, and how it interacted with other components in order to perform the same overall function. Once inside, the intricacies and capabilities of modern electronics can be fully realized. The product itself is able to load a disc into the tray, read it through the use of a laser, convert the data into a signal readable by the computer in a package not much larger than the disc itself. After documenting a few crucial components in a 3-D CAD program the components were assembled back together. The process was straightforward and easy using only a small screwdriver and basic disassembly skills can completely remove almost all necessary components to study the product. As this was a base-model widely available device, and most certainly not intended for infinite life use, some of the components were not designed to withstand the forces necessary to disassemble it. These include many small plastic pieces and a small rubber belt that was missing upon delivery of the item.

Introduction

Product Description

• Computer CD-R/RW Drive
• Manufacturer: HL Data Storage, April 2002
• Designed By: Hitachi-LG Data Storage
• Model Number: GCE-8400B
• Laser Class: 1
• Buffer Size: 8 MB
• Access Time: 110 ms
• Read Speed: 40x
• Write Speed: 40x
• Rewrite Speed: 12x
• Maximum Data Transfer Rate: 6,000 KB/s
• Dimensions: 5.25in (width), 1.5in (height)

CD drives have become a crucial and effective way of storing and viewing data. CD's are upgrades from the floppy disc and much larger discs. The first CD-ROM drive was created and launched in 1990, since then the industry has not looked back. The read speed of the first CD-ROM drive was 1x, present day drives can now read up to 52x. A typical CD can accept about 700MB of storage, this is equivalent to approximatley 550 or more floppy discs. CD drives may be connected to a computer through several interfaces such as ATA, SCSI, S-ATA, Firewire, or USB connections. Computer drives offer a simple exterior design that houses many well designed components. CD drives have been incorporated into society and have become essential to many situations.

Data is read from a disc using a laser and photosensor, the laser shines onto the disc reading the lands and pits. Pits are small bumps written to the disc; lands are the flat surfaces between the pits. The disc contains the lands and pits in a spiral track, when the spiral is stretched out it measures 3.5 miles in length. Upon a laser shining onto the disc it is either reflected into the photosensor or diverted away from the photosensor, this creates binary code. When the laser is reflected into the photosensor it is deemed a "1", when it is diverted away it is deemed a "0". The type and content of the file is determined by this code.

This drive also has the capability of writing or "burning" data to a CD-R(recordable). A more powerful laser is used to burn the pits and grooves into the blank CD. The CD-R has a data size limit; it cannot be exceeded. Also, once data is burned into the CD-R, it cannot be used again. There is another type writable CD the drive can utilize called a CD-RW(Rewritable), which can be used more than once, but also contains a data size limit. Data can be repeatedly burned onto the disc so long as it does not exceed its limit.

Group Members

All group members collaborated equally on the project and each had their own parts to work on.

• Bryan Humes - Group leader, 3D CAD, wikipage, oral presentation
• Brian Maisch - 3D CAD, oral presentation, Video
• Eric Klaben - Oral presentation, wikipage
• Winnie Liu - Disassembly, design changes
• Fahr-Deen Kadree - Reassembly, reflection

Before Disassembly

Purpose

The purpose of the CD-R\RW drive can be broken down into 3 main functions. It is used to save data so as to preserve it for future use. To read or play the file encoded on the disc and this model can also burn data onto a CD-R or CD-RW.

Condition

The product was in fair condition, all moving parts functioned; However, the product was missing a pulley belt, therfore, it did not operate properly. The emergency eject feature also did not operate.

Parts and Materials

Our group estimated our product would contain approximately 20 different parts and 6 different types of materials before disassembly.

Disassembly Procedure

Step	Process	Difficulty(1-5) 5 being the hardest	Tools Required	Picture of Step
1	Remove 4 screws from bottom plate	1	Phillips Head Screwdriver
2	Unplug wires and remove main circuit board. This exposes all of the parts.	2	Hands
3	Remove the sled motor by unscrewing 2 screws. Then detach the red head drive interface by unscrewing 1 screw.	2	Phillips Head Screwdriver
4	Take the outer casing off of the internal frame	1	Hands
5	Remove the 2 plastic brackets that are holding the red head by unscrewing 2 screws. This will free the red head assembly.	2	Phillips Head Screwdriver
6	Remove the red head assembly by lifting it out of the housing.	3	Hands
7	Remove the spindle motor support from the internal frame by removing 2 screws. This houses the spindle motor.	2	Phillips Head Screwdriver
8	Further disassemble the spindle motor support by removing 5 screws and 3 hex screws. This frees the spindle motor.	3	Phillips Head Screwdriver and Allen Key
9	Remove the spindle motor, it should slip right out.	1	Hands
10	Take the disc tray out	2	Hands
11	Remove the adjusting gear.	3	Hands
12	Remove the eject pulley.	3	Hands
13	Remove the lift actuator from the internal frame by squeezing the ends of it allowing it to become free.	2	Hands
14	Remove the height adjustor from the internal frame by applying force to it.	2	Hands
15	Remove the emergency eject mechanism from the internal frame by applying force, it should just pop out.	2	Hands
16	Remove the eject motor, headphone jack, and volume control from the top of the internal frame by opening clips that hold them in place. It is helpful to use a thin object such as a pen to help you in this step.	3	Hands and Pen

After Disassembly

Component Table

Part Number	Part Name	Quantity of Type	Part Material	Manufacturing Process	Image of Part
1	Bottom Plate	1	aluminum	stamped
2	Main Circuit Board	1	FR-4, steel, copper, various	printed circuit board (PCB)
3	Sled Motor	1	aluminum, steel, copper wire	stamped, welded
4	Red Head Drive Interface	1	plastic	cast
5	Metal Case	1	aluminum	stamped
6	Red Head Brackets	1	plastic	cast
7	Red Head	1	various; metal, glass lens	mass produced
8	Disc Tray	1	plastic	cast
9	Adjusting Gear	1	plastic	cast
10	Eject Pulley	1	plastic	cast
11	Disc Support	1	aluminum, rubber damping	Stamped
12	Support Springs	1	Metal	Extrusion, Bent
13	Spindle Motor	1	steel, aluminum	mass produced
14	Lift Actuator	1	plastic	cast
15	Height Adjustor	1	plastic	cast
16	Emergency Eject Mechanism	1	plastic	cast
17	Eject Motor, Volume Control, Headphone Jack	1	FR-4, steel, plastic	printed circuit board, cast
18	Internal Frame	1	plastic	Injection Molding

Fasteners

Type	Size (inches)	Quantity	Purpose	Image
Phillips Head	3/16 x 5/16	4	Holds the bottom plate in place
Phillips Head	2/16 x 3/16	4	2 screws hold the sled motor in place 2 screws hold the red head brackets in place.
Phillips Head	1.5/16 x 1.5/16	1	Connects the red head drive interface with the red head.
Phillips Head	3/16 x 8/16 washer 4/16 diameter	2	Connects the spindle motor support to the internal frame
Phillips Head	6/16 x 5/16	3	Holds the spindle motor support and spindle motor together
Allen Screw	.0591 x 6/16 washer 4/16 diameter	3	Holds the spindle motor support and spindle motor together

Part Description

Bottom Plate: Provides protection to the delicate interior components.

Main Circuit Board: Relays signals through the system.

Sled Motor: This motor provides motion to the red head, moving it at a constant rate as the disc spins.

Red Head Drive Interface: This interface connects to the red head assembly and fits into grooves located on the sled motor. There are 2 notches on the interface that fit into the grooves, as the sled motor rotates it now moves the red head assembly through this interface.

Metal Case: The metal case is the rest of the exterior that provides protection for the interior components.

Red Head Brackets: The brackets hold the red head tracks in place. The red head can now move on its tracks.

Red Head: The red head houses the laser, photosensor, and various lenses. The laser is focused through lenses and onto the disc. The laser is responsible for reading the data from the disc and the photosensor it responsible for recieving the data.

Disc Tray: The disc tray holds the disc as it is placed into the drive and ejected from the drive. It is made to fit the standard disc diameter of 120mm or 4.28in.

Adjusting Gear: It moves the height adjustor left to right. During the motion it lowers or raises the lift actuator which in turn lowers or raises the spindle motor support.

Eject Pulley: Connects to a belt, it ejects and returns the disc tray.

Spindle Motor Support: This support houses the disc motor when assembled. It contains rubber dampers to provide cushioning for the motor when it moves up and down as a disc is inserted or ejected. It also houses 2 springs that provide support and cushioning.

Support Springs: These are located inbetween the spindle motor support. They provide support and cushioning for the spindle motor.

Spindle Motor: The spindle motor provides motion to the disc. The motor lowers when the disc is ejected and rises as a disc is inserted, landing in the center of the disc. The motor has grooves carved into the top which grab the disc as it rotates. The motor rotates with speeds from 200-500rpm.

Lift Actuator: The light actuator is responsible for lowering and raising the spindle motor support. It follows a track provided by the height adjustor.

Height Adjustor: The height adjustor provides a track for the lift actuator to travel when lowered or raised. It has grooves on top to provide a way to lock it in place or to release it. It is raised and lowered using the grooves located on top of the height adjustor.

Emergency Eject Mechanism: This mechanism is a way to retrieve your disc if complete failure or a power outage occurs. There is a small hole in the front of the drive, where a small rod or paper clip can be inserted. When inserted far enough it triggers the mechanism to eject the disc tray. The tray is now free and can be pulled out with little effort.

Eject Motor, Volume Control, Headphone Jack: The eject motor is responsible for ejecting and inserting the disc tray. The volume control is in the form of a wheel, it can be turned either way producing an increased or decreases level of volume. The headphone jack is a small opening in the front of the drive. A set of headphones can be plugged into the drive to isolate the sound to the headphones.

Internal Frame: The internal frame is essentially the chassis of the entire drive. Everything is connected to the internal frame as it provides structure for the drive.

3D CAD Models

Major Components:

Side View	Angled View	Top View

Spindle Motor: The spindle motor is essential to the drive. The spindle motor support which houses the spindle motor lowers with the help of the hieght adjustor and the lift actuator. The lift actuator slides down through the groove in the height adjustor, which in turn lowers the spindle motor. The disc is now able to be inserted into the drive with no obstructions. The spindle motor support is now raised with the help of the same mechanisms. The spindle motor is now in the center of the disc and will spin it when the energy is provided. The spindle motor runs between 200 and 500 rpm depending on the location of the red head on the disc.

Side View	Angled View	Top View

Sled Motor: The sled motor provides a constant rate of motion for the red head. The sled motor has a series of spiral grooves in which the red head drive interface is connected. The red head drive interface is connected to the red head. As the motor turns the spiral grooves, it provides motion to the drive interface which moves the red head.

Side View	Angled View	Top View

Red Head: The red head contains the laser, lenses, and photo sensors. The laser beam is focused through the lenses to read the lands and pits on the CD. The red head is installed on a set of rods(tracks) and is provided motion from the sled motor.

Assembled in Sequence:

Part Name	3D CAD Diagram
Support Springs
Spindle Motor
Spindle Motor Support

• The spindle motor is placed onto the support springs, the spindle motor support is the placed on the other side and all parts are fastened together.

Assembly Procedure

Assembly Video

<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/_r_ifyYJfb0&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed>

After Assembly

Does it still work?
Our product still does not work after assembly. The product did not operate properly before disassembly nor were we able to connect it to a computer interface to test it. We were able to fix the emergency eject feature, it is now functioning properly.

Reflection

Was assembly a mirror process of disassembly?

• The reassembly process was not a mirror process, but very well could have been. There are several steps that can be interchanged with no reprocussions. We used the same sets of tools during reassembly as in disassembly.

Reflection Summary:

• Disassembly and reassembly were straight forward.
• We did not dissect any of the complicated internal components such as the motors, red head, and computer chips. These have very small and fragile parts within them, which would make them very difficult to dissect.
• Very little problems were encountered during the assembly and disassembly. Very small hex screws were hard to remove due to their small size. The emergency eject did not operate correctly but it proved to be an easy fix being a spring clip was just out of place. The last problem we encountered was plugging the ribbon wires back into the main computer chip, there is a small area to work in and requires precision.

Disassembly:

• Disassembly took a approximately 1.5 hours to fully disassemble the drive. We were unaware of the interal workings of the product and did not want to damage any components. We photo documented our disassembly procedure to help provide for an easy reassembly.
• The disassembly process gave us an indepth understanding of how the computer drive functioned.

Reassembly:

• The video shows a condensed version of the assembly process.
• In contrast, reassembly was very straightforward. Since we knew where all the pieces went, it was an easy reassembly. Altogether it took less than 40 minutes.
• The adjusting gear and eject pulley were placed in slots located on the top of the internal frame. The height adjustor was then installed and connected to the adjusting gear. The lift actuator was then placed in the groove located in the height adjustor . The spindle motor support was screwed back together including the spindle motor and support springs which in turn is connected to the lift actuator. The red head was then installed with its brackets and tracks along with it. The main circuit board along with the eject motor, volume control, and headphone jack circuit board were snapped into place. After they were snapped into place the ribbon wires were connected to the main circuit board and finally the bottom plate along with the metal case where screwed back together to complete the reassembly.

How it Works

The CD-R\RW drive works in a general sense by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used first to load the disc tray into the frame, then to spin the disc at a variable angular velocity so as to obtain a constant bit rate. This is due to the angular velocity being greater at the outer edge of the disc than at the inner edge. The device must also simultaneously transfer the rotational motion of the laser motor into a linear path from the innermost edge of the disc to the outer edge while the laser is scanning the disc. This is an interesting mechanism and can be seen below. It utilizes a spiral engraved shaft to transmit motion to a plastic interface component that carries the laser the needed distance, at a predetermined rate. The device then uses several feedback mechanisms and circuitry to convert the laser information which is a measured voltage difference into binary coded data and exports it through the use of a parallel ATA-type communication link. The data can then be processed by software programs intended for the purpose of multi-media type data interpreting.

This animation shows how the disc is read and how the data is interpreted

<embed src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/flash/cd-read.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="440" height="150"></embed>

This animation shows how the laser tracks across the disc and how the motor changes rpm

<embed src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/flash/cd-drive.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="400" height="300"></embed>

Engineering Models

Stress/Strain:
A stress/strain model needs to be considered for all moving or load bearing parts. The sled motor in our case is constantly under stress and strain. It has to be able to move the red head assembly numerous amounts of times in its life cycle. The interface that connects the sled motor and red head is also under stress and strain. There is a force placed on it every time it signaled to move the red head. Stress and strain models need to be evaluated to ensure it will meet its physical expectancy when being operated. This could entail both fatigue models and static failure ones, although the product is more likely to fail from fatigue loading than static loads as that is the nature of its operation.

Thermodynamic:
A thermal model is needed to evaluate the amount of heat generated by the drive during operation. This is necessary because the internal components need to be able to perform during this heat and survive the heat output. This is also important for this product because it sits inside of a computer tower, where other vital components lay. Engineers have to develop this model to ensure the longevity and efficiency of the components and safety of the consumer.

Energy Transfered

Electrical Energy: Electrical energy is transfered to the drive from an ordinary household eletric supply.
Rotational Energy: Rotational enery is transfered when power is supplied to the spindle motor, thus creating rotation.
Thermal Energy: Created by friction due to moving parts, such as the red head and the spindle motor.

Types of Materials

1. Plastic
2. Silicone
3. Metal
4. Copper
5. Rubber
6. Aluminum
7. Steel

Recommended Design Changes/Improvements

Overall this product was very well designed. The only improvement we could suggest at the time of production is removing the pulley system and replacing it with a set of gears. We suggest this because upon recieving the drive the pulley belt was missing, which would cause the product to malfunction. If this belt was replaced with a set of gears this problem could be averted all together. The drive was very well put together and designed.

Conclusion Remarks

The product dissection of the Hitachi CD-R/RW-Drive was successful and informative. Much was learned from examining the various systems of the product and how they interact with one another. Working with a team of engineering students to gain insight into a real world design scenario is essential to the field's future success and growth. We hope this page will serve as both a learning tool and an information resource for any who are interested.

References

• Harris, T. (2005). How CD Burners Work. How Stuff Works. Retrieved November 5th, 2008, from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cd-burner.htm

• Elton, M. (2006). How DVD and CD Drives Work. Scribd. Retrieved October 10th, 2008, from http://www.scribd.com/doc/596/How-DVD-and-CD-Drives-Work

• Byte, U. (2008). Compact Disk. USByte. Retrieved October 15th, 2008 from http://www.usbyte.com/common/compact_disk_4.htm

• Sweet, M. (n.d.). How DVD Drives Work. Smart Computing. Retrieved October 20th, from http://www.smartcomputing.com/articles/archive/r0403/08r03/08r03.pdf

• Wikipedia (2008). CD-ROM. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 3rd, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM

• Wikipedia (2008). Floppy Disk. Wikipedia. Retrieved December 1st, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk

• Wikipedia (2008). Compact Disc. Wikipedia. Retrieved December 2nd, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc

• (2008). CDRW Drive. Computer Resolutions. Retrieved December 1st, from http://www.computeresolutions.com/guide/cdrw.html